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In 1929, American astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding. But till today, the presently accepted model of the universe cannot answer a simple question "if the universe is expanding, what it is expanding into?" Even more embarrassingly, scientists have not been able to locate a center of the universe. Scientists avoid that uncomfortable question by taking refuge to 'an infinitely large universe'. But there is a BIG problem. In the vastness of the cosmos, each galaxy can be considered as a point mass. Even when the number of galaxies (n) tends to infinity, the powerful formula for ‘center of mass’ guarantees that there remains a single point as the center of mass. The mere invocation of infinity will not dissuade anyone from the conclusion that there is indeed a center. Only a balloon shaped universe can rescue cosmology from this situation. There is a true center of the balloon, but it does not lie anywhere on the surface. The basic difference is: A balloon has a 2D surface, and exists in 3D space; while the (hyper) balloon universe has a 3D surface and exists in 4D (hyper) space.
A recent, Nature Astronomy paper (Ref.1) had claimed with 99% confidence level that the universe is closed. Another paper (Ref.2) claimed betting odds of 2000 ∶ 1 against an open, flat and infinite universe. Both papers have mortally wounded the presently accepted, Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC). Eight serious shortcomings of the SMC are highlighted (Ref.3A). Each of these points is serious on its own. When taken together, one must agree that cosmology is in crisis, and it is time for a complete paradigm shift in science.
Physics currently rests on two pillars: General Relativity (GR) and Quantum Mechanics (QM). However GR and QM are mutually inconsistent, and there are bitter conflict between the two greatest theories of physics (Ref.3B). Physics is in crisis too, which is publicly accepted by physicists themselves (Ref.3C).
Indian Scientist (Physicist) Subhajit Waugh has boldly claimed that Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity appears mutually incompatible because scientists are using the wrong model of the universe (4A). He has provided the exact shape and size of the universe (Ref.4B). Scientists and experts in the field can look at these (Ref.5, 6, 7). Mr. Waugh has claimed that an 'expanding (hyper) balloon' model of the universe leads to 'unified physics and cosmology', which comes pretty close to the ‘theory of everything’.
Edwin Hubble had observed that galaxies are moving away from Earth at speeds proportional to their distance. In other words, the farther they are, the faster they are moving away from Earth. This particular form of Hubble's law made sense if an expanding balloon is used as an analogy of the universe. Indeed! The wall of the balloon universe is made up of invisible scalar HIGGS fields (somewhat similar to invisible electric and magnetic fields) and particles (which are mere excitations/resonances in those fields, just as the stunningly accurate 'Quantum Field Theory' insists). Since stars and planets and humans are made up of particles, therefore every matter is eternally trapped within the 3D hypersurface of fields which makes up the wall of the (hyper) balloon.
NOTE :- Taking the radial increment/expansion velocity of the universe as c = 299,792,458 m/s and the age of the universe as 13.8 billion years, the calculated Hubble constant value (71.002 km/s/Mpc) agrees well with the accepted values (69.8 and 74 km/s/Mpc measured by two different methods).
The expanding balloon model of the universe implies the existence of two different frames of reference/viewpoints: The center of the universe viewpoint, and the viewpoint of humans from an awkward position in the surface-wall of the universe. Relativity is human viewpoint, while Quantum Mechanics is Nature’s viewpoint (or God’s viewpoint) from the center of the universe. The universe is perceived differently from each viewpoint, but it is precisely this which allows the reconciliation between General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics.
From the center of universe viewpoint, simultaneity is absolute (as demanded by Sagnac effect), and there is indeed absolute universal time (as demanded by quantum mechanics) because the time passed since the Big Bang is simply a function of radius of the universe. From human viewpoint, locality is absolute and velocity c=299,792,458m/s is the upper limit, and remains constant for every observer. Those were Einstein’s firm belief, which were later shattered by Quantum Entanglement experiments (which led to the award of year 2022’s Nobel Prize in Physics). The constancy of the speed of light turns (our) space and time into inseparable twins, and makes (our) time a relative concept. This solves the problem of time (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_time) which so stubbornly resisted the reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity. Relativity changes into the realm of Quantum Mechanics with decreasing size scale due to exchanging roles of time and space. Three space dimensions and one time dimension (3+1) is sub-luminal (i.e. ‘inside the light cone’ realm of Relativity), while 1+3 is super-luminal (i.e. ‘outside the light cone’) and is the realm of Quantum Mechanics (Ref.8 and Ref.9). Every spooky Quantum phenomena arises naturally from super-luminal possibility.
REFERENCES
1) Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology
2) Curvature tension: Evidence for a closed universe
3A) A candid assessment of standard cosmology
3B) Relativity versus quantum mechanics: the battle for the universe
3C) World's largest physics conference in Las Vegas will be grand; but will it be worthwhile?
4A) Physicist Proposes New Theory Unifying General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics
4B) Physics and cosmology are both in crisis because of wrong notion about the shape, size and workings of the universe
5) Shape and size of our universe: challenging the Standard Model of Cosmology
6) Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity are compatible, and have a common origin: the expanding (hyper) balloon universe
7) Is everything we know about the shape and size of our universe, and how it works, wrong?
8) Quantum principle of relativity
9) Relativity of superluminal observers in 1 + 3 spacetime
